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Ulmus americana - L.

Common Name American Elm, Gray Elm, Water Elm
Family Ulmaceae
USDA hardiness 3-9
Known Hazards None known
Habitats Rich soils, especially by streams and in lowlands[43, 82]. Found on a range of soil types, from acidic to mildly alkaline[229].
Range Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Texas.
Edibility Rating    (2 of 5)
Other Uses    (3 of 5)
Weed Potential No
Medicinal Rating    (2 of 5)
Care (info)
Fully Hardy Moist Soil Semi-shade Full sun
Ulmus americana American Elm, Gray Elm, Water Elm


commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jean-Pol_GRANDMONT
Ulmus americana American Elm, Gray Elm, Water Elm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Henryhartley

 

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Summary

Bloom Color: Green. Main Bloom Time: Early spring, Late spring, Mid spring. Form: Vase.


Physical Characteristics

 icon of manicon of lolypop
Ulmus americana is a deciduous Tree growing to 25 m (82ft) by 25 m (82ft) at a medium rate.
See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in May, and the seeds ripen in June. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil.

UK Hardiness Map US Hardiness Map

Synonyms

U. floridana.

Plant Habitats

Woodland Garden Canopy;

Edible Uses

Edible Parts: Leaves
Edible Uses: Coffee

Leaves - raw or cooked. The red inner bark has been used to make a coffee-like drink[257].

References   More on Edible Uses

Medicinal Uses

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Antispasmodic  Astringent  Birthing aid  Dysentery  Haemostatic  Salve

An infusion made from the bark has been used in the treatment of bleeding from the lungs, ruptures, coughs, colds, influenza, dysentery, eye infections, cramps and diarrhoea[226, 257]. An infusion of the bark has been taken by pregnant women to secure stability of children[257]. A decoction of the bark has been used as a wash on wounds[257]. A decoction of the inner bark has been taken in the treatment of severe coughs, colds, menstrual cramps[257]. An infusion of the inner bark has been drunk, and used as a bath, in the treatment of appendicitis[257]. An infusion of the root bark has been used in the treatment of coughs, colds and excessive menstruation[257]. A decoction has been used as an eye wash in the treatment of sore eyes[257]. The inner bark has been used as an emollient on tumours[257].

References   More on Medicinal Uses

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Other Uses

Containers  Paper  String  Wood

A fibre obtained from the stems is used in making paper[189]. The stems are harvested in spring, the leaves are removed and the stems steamed until the fibres can be stripped. The outer bark is removed from the inner bark by scraping or peeling. The fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then beaten with mallets. The paper is beige in colour[189]. The inner bark is very fibrous and is used in making string and strong ropes[149, 226]. The bark has been used to make various containers, including those used for gathering maple syrup[226]. Wood - hard, strong, heavy, durable, coarse grained, shrinks moderately though it tends to warp and twist, it bends well and is difficult to split. The wood is very durable in water. It weighs 40lb per cubic foot and is harvested commercially for flooring, wheel hubs, cooperage, agricultural implements and many other uses[46, 61, 82, 149, 171, 226, 227].

Special Uses

References   More on Other Uses

Cultivation details

Landscape Uses:Firewood, Aggressive surface roots possible, Specimen, Street tree. Prefers a fertile soil in full sun[188], but it can be grown in any soil of at least moderate quality so long as it is well drained[1]. Trees are moderately fast-growing and live for at least 300 years in the wild[227, 229], but they do not thrive in Britain[1]. This species is particularly susceptible to 'Dutch elm disease'[274], a disease that has destroyed the greater part of all the elm trees growing in Britain. The disease is spread by means of beetles. Mature trees killed back by the disease will often regrow from suckers, but these too will succumb when they get larger. There is no effective cure (1992) for the problem, but most E. Asian, though not Himalayan, species are resistant (though not immune) to the disease so the potential exists to use these resistant species to develop new resistant hybrids with the native species[200]. The various species of this genus hybridize freely with each other and pollen is easily saved, so even those species with different flowering times can be hybridized[200]. Special Features:North American native, Inconspicuous flowers or blooms.

References   Carbon Farming Information and Carbon Sequestration Information

Temperature Converter

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Plant Propagation

Seed - if sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe, it usually germinates within a few days[200]. Stored seed does not germinate so well and should be sown in early spring[200]. The seed can also be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it dries on the tree) and sown immediately in a cold frame. It should germinate very quickly and will produce a larger plant by the end of the growing season[80]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Plants should not be allowed to grow for more than two years in a nursery bed since they form a tap root and will then move badly. Layering of suckers or coppiced shoots[200].

Other Names

If available other names are mentioned here

Native Range

NORTHERN AMERICA: Canada (Québec, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Manitoba), United States (Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Montana, Wyoming, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas)

Weed Potential

Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking.

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status :

Related Plants
Latin NameCommon NameHabitHeightHardinessGrowthSoilShadeMoistureEdibleMedicinalOther
Ulmus alataWinged ElmTree15.0 6-9 FLMHSNM202
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Ulmus glabraWych Elm, Table-top Scotch Elm, Scotch ElmTree30.0 5-7 FLMHSNM322
Ulmus japonicaJapanese ElmTree35.0 4-8  LMHSNM211
Ulmus laciniata Tree10.0 4-8  LMHSNM20 
Ulmus macrocarpa Tree10.0 4-8  LMHSNDM211
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Ulmus proceraEnglish ElmTree35.0 5-9 FLMHSNM323
Ulmus pumilaSiberian Elm, Hybrid elmTree15.0 4-9 FLMHSNDM223
Ulmus rubraSlippery ElmTree20.0 3-7 MLMHSNM253
Ulmus thomasiiRock ElmTree30.0 - SLMHSNM102
Ulmus villosaCherry Bark ElmTree25.0 4-8  LMHSNM102
Ulmus wallichiana Tree35.0 5-9  LMHSNM113

Growth: S = slow M = medium F = fast. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). pH: A = acid N = neutral B = basic (alkaline). Shade: F = full shade S = semi-shade N = no shade. Moisture: D = dry M = Moist We = wet Wa = water.

 

Expert comment

Author

L.

Botanical References

1143200

Links / References

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Readers comment

David Beaulieu   Wed Jan 11 2006

American Elm Trees The story of how American elm trees succumbed to Dutch elm disease -- and of their comeback.

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Subject : Ulmus americana  
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