Industrial Crop: Oil  Management: Standard  Regional Crop

The plant has a wide ecological range, succeeding in tropical and subtropical climates, but does not grow above 600 m altitude[303 ]. It is found at elevations up to 1,400 metres in China[266 ]. In its natural area of distribution mean annual precipitation varies from 1,000 to over 3,000 mm[303 ]. It grows best in areas where annual daytime annual temperatures are within the range 20 - 33°c, though it can tolerate 5 - 45°c[418 ]. It is fairly sensitive to frost, though seedlings can survive, particularly when covered with grass[303 ]. Generally, temperatures of -1°c can kill a tree[418 ]. Succeeds in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil in a sunny position[200 ]. Young trees are somewhat shade tolerant[303 ]. Prefers periodically dry soils, and is moderately drought tolerant[303 , 418 ]. Plants can tolerate short periods of inundation[418 ]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6.5, but tolerates 5 - 7.5[418 ]. Trees are leafless for a short period (some weeks) in the dry season[303 ]. Pollination may be done by insects, as the flowers have unpleasant odour, which attracts flies[303 ]. Trees planted at a spacing of 1 metre x 6 metres in Java have a mean annual increment in height of 1.6 metres and diameter of 2.1 cm at the age of 15 years; when sown directly at 1 metre x 3 metres the trees closed their canopy after 5 years and gave an annual height and diameter increment of 1.2 metres and 1.3 cm, respectively, after 6 years[303 ]. The trees had reached a height of 20 - 25 metres in 15 years, after a few thinnings[303 ]. Trees react well to coppicing, but pollarding does not give good results[303 ].

Carbon Farming

• Industrial Crop: Oil  Materials, chemicals and energy include bioplastics, biomass, glycerin, soaps, lubricants, paints, biodiesel. Oilseed crop types.
• Management: Standard  Plants grow to their standard height. Harvest fruit, seeds, or other products. Non-Destructive management systems.
• Regional Crop  These crops have been domesticated and cultivated regionally but have not been adopted elsewhere and are typically not traded globally, Examples in this broad category include perennial cottons and many nuts and staple fruits.