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Summary
Calabrian pine - the "Lone Pine", is a prominent landmark tree at an ANZAC First World War battle at Gallipoli. Cones from the battlefield were taken home to Australia. It is widely planted for timber. It is drought-tolerant, with fire resistant cones allowing it to successfully colonize dry, abandoned and burnt areas. As a carbon farming solutions plant it is a good hydrocarbon Industrial Crop.
Physical Characteristics
Pinus_brutia is an evergreen Tree growing to 30 m (98ft) by 25 m (82ft) at a fast rate.
See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 8. The flowers are pollinated by Wind.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and saline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.
UK Hardiness Map
US Hardiness Map
Synonyms
Pinus brutia var. densifolia Yalt. & Boydak. Pinus brutia f. kruepericola Frankis. Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe. Pinus halepensis var. brutia (Ten.) A.Henry. Pinus persica Fox-Strangw. This species contains the following infraspecific taxa: Pinus brutia var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba. Pinus brutia var. pendulifolia Frankis. Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba
Plant Habitats
Edible Uses
The resin has been used from ancient times to flavour white wines known as retsina[328 ]. A sap-sucking insect, Marchalina hellenica, produces large amounts of honey-dew, which is harvested by honeybees and sold as 'pine honey'. Pinus brutia was planted outside its native range in Greece from early times for this harvest[329 ].
References More on Edible Uses
Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Oil of turpentine, obtained from the oleo-resin of all pine trees, is antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and vermifuge[4, 329]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[4]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[4].
References More on Medicinal Uses
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Other Uses
The resin obtained from the stem is used to flavour white wines known as retsina and for the production of turpentine[338 ]. Its timber is used for fencing posts, telephone posts, building timbers, railway sleepers, carpentry, boxes and crates, hardboard and pulp[328 ]. The "Lone Pine", a prominent landmark tree at an ANZAC First World War battle at Gallipoli, was this species. Cones from the battlefield were taken home to Australia, and plants sourced from the seeds were planted as living memorials. "Lone Pine" memorials, based on cones brought back from Gallipoli may use this species or Aleppo pine. it is widely planted in coastal areas of the Mediterranean for soil protection and as windbreaks. Carbon Farming Solutions - Industrial Crop: hydrocarbon (Crops grown for non-food uses. Industrial crops provide resources in three main categories: materials, chemicals, and energy. Traditional materials include lumber and thatch, paper and cardboard, and textiles) [1-1]. A popular ornamental tree.
Special Uses
References More on Other Uses
Cultivation details
Climate: Mediterranean. Humidity: semi-arid. Pinus brutia has a near-coastal natural distribution which coincides with the Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers[338 ]. It is a moderately cold-hardy plant, able to tolerate temperatures down to around -15°c when fully dormant[329 ]. Established plants are drought tolerant[338 ]. The plant regenerates after fire by seed dispersal and can successfully invade maquis vegetation when this does not burn for several years[338 ]. In contrast with planted forests, natural forests of Pinus brutia have a diverse undergrowth of shrubs and herbs and form important habitat for wildlife[338 ]. Pinus brutia has been planted extensively in countries around the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea as it is the easiest pine to grow (with Pinus halepensis) in the Mediterranean climate. Pinus brutia forms natural hybrids with its close congener Pinus halepensis where the two species are sympatric in Turkey, with matings successful only when Pinus halepensis is the pollen donor and Pinus brutia is the female parent[329 ]. The seed cones are - 8cm wide, ripening a shiny red-brown in spring two years after pollination. They open to release their seed the same summer or 1 - 2 years later, though the seeds are often not shed till winter rain softens the scales. The seeds are grey-brown, 7-8 × 5mm with a broad, auricled 15-20 × 10 mm wing[329 ]. Carbon Farming Solutions - Cultivation: regional timber. Management: standard (Describes the non-destructive management systems that are used in cultivation) [1-1].
References Carbon Farming Information and Carbon Sequestration Information
Temperature Converter
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Plant Propagation
Seed. Direct sow outdoors in fall/autumn
Other Names
If available other names are mentioned here
Turkish pine, Calabrian pine, East Mediterranean pine, Brutia pine, Lone Pine.
Native Range
TEMPERATE ASIA: Cyprus, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria (west), Turkey, Georgia EUROPE: Ukraine (Krym), Bulgaria (south), Greece (incl. Crete & Aegean Islands), Italy (Calabria (extirpated?))
Weed Potential
Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section.
Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking.
None Known
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : Status: Least Concern
Growth: S = slow M = medium F = fast. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). pH: A = acid N = neutral B = basic (alkaline). Shade: F = full shade S = semi-shade N = no shade. Moisture: D = dry M = Moist We = wet Wa = water.
Expert comment
Author
Ten.
Botanical References
Links / References
For a list of references used on this page please go here
A special thanks to Ken Fern for some of the information used on this page.
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