Industrial Crop: Hydrocarbon  Management: Standard  Regional Timber

Landscape Uses:Screen, Specimen. Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[1, 11]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils[1]. Established plants tolerate drought[200]. Very resistant to maritime exposure[75], the leaves can be badly burned by cold dry winds but this does not seem to affect growth[11]. Mature trees produce a broad heavy crown and are somewhat likely to be blown down in severe gales[200]. Trees are somewhat tender when young[11]. Any transplanting is best done when the plant is in active growth in the summer. Only small plants should be moved[200]. Extensively cultivated for timber in warm temperate zones, especially in New Zealand, it grows larger in cultivation than it does in the wild[200]. It is a very vigorous tree in S.W. England[11] where growth takes place almost all year round and annual height increases of 2.5 metres in young plants are not uncommon[185]. Outside the milder areas growth is less vigorous, taking place from June to September[185]. A short-lived tree in the wild, where it rarely lives longer than 100 years[81]. It is probably going to be long-lived in cultivation in Britain[185]. It often self-sows in Britain, though the seedlings are usually found in the shade of the tree and do not flourish there[185]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[200]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[200]. The cones are 8 - 17cm long[82], they remain closed on the tree for many years, only opening after the heat of a forest fire followed by rain[200]. Plants can produce new shoots from reasonably old wood so the lower branches can be cut back to produce a hedge-like effect[11]. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby reducing the amount of plants that can grow under the trees[18]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[200]. Special Features: Attracts birds, North American native, Inconspicuous flowers or blooms.

Carbon Farming

• Industrial Crop: Hydrocarbon  Materials, chemicals and energy include bioplastics, rubber, biomass products gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, butane, propane, biogas. Plants are usually resprouting plants and saps.
• Management: Standard  Plants grow to their standard height. Harvest fruit, seeds, or other products. Non-Destructive management systems.
• Regional Timber  These crops have been domesticated and cultivated regionally but have not been adopted elsewhere and are typically not traded globally.