Category Perennial

Fertile and sandy soils by the seashore and along river banks. Love

Thickets, roadsides, dry fields and waste places. Love

Swamps, wet thickets and shores. Love

Forest floors full to part shade. Love

Rich mountain woods. Acidic soils, often along creeks beneath Rhododendron maximum , deciduous or mixed deciduous-conifer forests at elevations of 400 – 1300 metres. Love

Moist rich soils in woodlands, usually on calcareous soils. Understorey of deciduous (rarely coniferous) forests from sea level to 1300 metres. Love

Sand dunes and coastal cliffs, C. and N. Japan. Naturalized on sand near Marazion in Cornwall. Love

Dry prairies, plains and rocks to 3300 metres in N. America. Love

By rivers and streams. Grassland and arid steppe. Love

Arable land, waste ground and by streams, favouring slightly damp positions. Love

Rich woodlands and thickets. Love

Moist, shady, rocky woods. Love

Thickets and thin woods, esp. by streams and ravines, all over Japan. Love

Low forest with a fairly dense canopy Love

Not known Love