Agroforestry Services: Alley crop  Agroforestry Services: Contour hedgerow  Agroforestry Services: Crop shade  Agroforestry Services: Living fence  Agroforestry Services: Living trellis  Fodder: Bank  Industrial Crop: Medicinal  Management: Coppice  Management: Standard  Minor Global Crop  Other Systems: FMAFS  Other Systems: Homegarden  Staple Crop: Oil  Staple Crop: Protein

Horseradish tree succeeds in warm temperate to tropical areas and can be found at elevations from sea-level to about 1,000 metres[303 ]. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 20 - 35°c, but can tolerate 7 - 48°c[418 ]. The plant is quite cold hardy and is not harmed by light frosts, but it can be killed back to ground level by a freeze. It quickly sends out new growth from the trunk when cut, or from the ground when frozen[303 ]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 700 - 2,200mm, but tolerates 400 - 2,600mm[418 ]. Easily grown in a well-drained soil in a sunny position, tolerating a wide range of soil types[200 , 307 ]. It grows best on fertile and well drained sandy soil, clay or clay loam but is in general suitable for light, medium and heavy soils thoigh it will not withstand salinity. It has a special tolerance to shallow soil and is tolerant of low fertility[404 ]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 7, tolerating 5 - 8.5[418 ]. Established plants are quite drought tolerant but yield much less foliage when continuously under water stress[303 ]. Grows better if given shelter from strong winds[418 ]. Moringa is an extremely fast-growing tree, and within 1- 3 months trees can reach 2.5 metres in height[303 ]. Growth rates of 3 - 4 metres per year is not unusual for young plants[299 ] Young trees raised from seed start flowering after 2 years. In trees grown from cuttings the first fruits may be expected 6 - 12 months after planting[299 ]. Flowering often precedes or coincides with the formation of new leaves, and can occur throughout the year in non-seasonal climates[299 ]. Constant pruning of up to 1.5 metres per year is suggested to obtain a thick-limbed and multibranched shrub[303 ]. It coppices and pollards well[303 ]. The sweet smelling flowers are produced throughout the year[404 ]. In the warmer parts of its range the plant can produce a second crop of seeds each year[418 ]. There is at least one named variety[301 ]. Flowering Time: Late Spring/Early Summer. Bloom Color: White/Near White. Spacing: 8-10 ft. (2.4-3 m).

Carbon Farming

• Agroforestry Services: Alley crop  Integrates annual crops with rows of perennials.
• Agroforestry Services: Contour hedgerow  Alley cropping systems on the contour of slopes.
• Agroforestry Services: Crop shade  Plants providing crop shade especially trees.
• Agroforestry Services: Living fence  Simply managed rows of shrubs and trees.
• Agroforestry Services: Living trellis  Plants to physically support other crops.
• Fodder: Bank  Fodder banks are plantings of high-quality fodder species. Their goal is to maintain healthy productive animals. They can be utilized all year, but are designed to bridge the forage scarcity of annual dry seasons. Fodder bank plants are usually trees or shrubs, and often legumes. The relatively deep roots of these woody perennials allow them to reach soil nutrients and moisture not available to grasses and herbaceous plants.
• Industrial Crop: Medicinal  Most pharmaceuticals are synthesized from petroleum but 25% of modern medicines are based on plants.
• Management: Coppice  Cut to the ground repeatedly - resprouting vigorously. Non-destructive management systems maintaining the soil organic carbon.
• Management: Standard  Plants grow to their standard height. Harvest fruit, seeds, or other products. Non-Destructive management systems.
• Minor Global Crop  These crops are already grown or traded around the world, but on a smaller scale than the global perennial staple and industrial crops, The annual value of a minor global crop is under $1 billion US. Examples include shea, carob, Brazil nuts and fibers such as ramie and sisal.
• Other Systems: FMAFS  Farmer-Managed Agroforestry Farming Systems.
• Other Systems: Homegarden  Tropical multistrata agroforestry (multi-story combinations of trees, crops, domestic animals in the homestead).
• Staple Crop: Oil  (0-15 percent protein, 16+ percent oil). Some of these are consumed whole while others are exclusively pressed for oil. Annuals include canola, poppyseed, maize, cottonseed, sunflower, peanut. Perennials include high-oil fruits, seeds, and nuts, such as olive, coconut, avocado, oil palm, shea, pecan, and macadamia. Some perennial oil crops are consumed whole as fruits and nuts, while others are exclusively pressed for oil (and some are used fresh and for oil).
• Staple Crop: Protein  (16+ percent protein, 0-15 percent oil). Annuals include beans, chickpeas, lentils, cowpeas, and pigeon peas. Perennials include perennial beans, nuts, leaf protein concentrates, and edible milks.