Leaves. An annual herb. The young leaves, before blooming starts, are edible, but they become bitter as they mature. A wild green vegetables used in southern Croatia and in the adjacent south- western Herzegovina [2-4] . (A herb is a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, savoury, or aromatic qualities. Herbs are used in cooking to enhance the flavour of food, in medicine for their healing properties, and in some cases, for their fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics).

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Rhagadiolus stellatus Gaertn., a Mediterranean plant from the Asteraceae family, was studied for its phenolic compounds, which are beneficial plant chemicals. Researchers identified several compounds from its methanolic extract, including: 1. Kaempferol 3-O-ß-glucoside. 2. Kaempferol 3-O-ß-rutinoside (nicotiflorin). 3. Quercetin 3-O-ß-glucoside. 4. Luteolin. Kaempferol 3-O-ß-glucoside is known for its antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress. It also has anti-inflammatory effects, which can be beneficial for conditions like arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, and shows promise in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and improving heart health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Kaempferol 3-O-ß-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) provides similar benefits, offering antioxidant protection, reducing inflammation, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria and viruses, and potentially protecting brain health to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Quercetin 3-O-ß-glucoside is a strong antioxidant that protects cells from damage, helps reduce inflammation, and is effective against a variety of pathogens, contributing to its potential in treating infections. It may also inhibit the growth of cancer cells, improve blood vessel function, and reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Luteolin, another potent phenolic compound, offers antioxidant protection, reduces inflammation, and has been shown to prevent the growth of cancer cells and promote apoptosis. Additionally, luteolin may protect against neurodegenerative diseases, improve brain health, and exhibit antimicrobial activity against a range of microbes, making it useful in preventing and treating infections.

None known

Special Uses