Industrial Crop: Hydrocarbon  Management: Standard  Regional Timber

Climate: Mediterranean. Humidity: semi-arid. Pinus brutia has a near-coastal natural distribution which coincides with the Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers[338 ]. It is a moderately cold-hardy plant, able to tolerate temperatures down to around -15°c when fully dormant[329 ]. Established plants are drought tolerant[338 ]. The plant regenerates after fire by seed dispersal and can successfully invade maquis vegetation when this does not burn for several years[338 ]. In contrast with planted forests, natural forests of Pinus brutia have a diverse undergrowth of shrubs and herbs and form important habitat for wildlife[338 ]. Pinus brutia has been planted extensively in countries around the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea as it is the easiest pine to grow (with Pinus halepensis) in the Mediterranean climate. Pinus brutia forms natural hybrids with its close congener Pinus halepensis where the two species are sympatric in Turkey, with matings successful only when Pinus halepensis is the pollen donor and Pinus brutia is the female parent[329 ]. The seed cones are - 8cm wide, ripening a shiny red-brown in spring two years after pollination. They open to release their seed the same summer or 1 - 2 years later, though the seeds are often not shed till winter rain softens the scales. The seeds are grey-brown, 7-8 × 5mm with a broad, auricled 15-20 × 10 mm wing[329 ]. Carbon Farming Solutions - Cultivation: regional timber. Management: standard (Describes the non-destructive management systems that are used in cultivation) [1-1].

Carbon Farming

• Industrial Crop: Hydrocarbon  Materials, chemicals and energy include bioplastics, rubber, biomass products gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, butane, propane, biogas. Plants are usually resprouting plants and saps.
• Management: Standard  Plants grow to their standard height. Harvest fruit, seeds, or other products. Non-Destructive management systems.
• Regional Timber  These crops have been domesticated and cultivated regionally but have not been adopted elsewhere and are typically not traded globally.