Agroforestry Services: Crop shade  Global Crop  Management: Standard  Other Systems: Multistrata  Staple Crop: Oil

Macadamia integrifolia is a plant of the subtropics and tropics of eastern Australia. Iit has fairly stringent environmental needs if good crops of seeds are to be produced[303 ]. In the tropics it fruits best at elevations from 1,000 - 1,600 metres, but succeeds down to sea level in the subtropics[418 ]. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 10 - 26°c, but can tolerate 8 - 35°c[418 ]. Mature plants are capable of withstanding mild frosts, but only for short periods[303 ]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000 - 3,000mm, but tolerates 700 - 3,500mm[418 ]. Requires a sunny position[418 ]. Plants grow best in rich, moist but well-drained soils and require copious summer watering in their early stages[167 , 303 ]. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 7[418 ]. Established plants are very drought resistant[200 ]. Trees require a sheltered position and are easily damaged by strong winds[200 ]. Floral initiation takes place when temperatures drop and trees become quiescent in autumn, the optimum temperature being 18°c[303 ]. The initials remain dormant for 50 - 96 days; the racemes extend after a rise in temperature and some rain[303 ]. Seedling growth is initially slow, but gathers momentum as saplings produce a series of extension growth flushes in a year[303 ]. The juvenile phase lasts for 7 years or more, but grafted trees come into bearing after 3 years[303 ]. Plants are slow growing in cultivation, especially when young, seedlings take 6 - 7 years to produce their first fruit[167 , 303 ]. The trees then produce commercial crops for about 40 - 50 years and can fruit for up to 100 years[200 ]. The trees can flower and produce fruit all year round[324 ]. Yields of 45 kg nuts-in-shell from better trees or an average of 3.2 - 3.5 t/ha per year are obtained in Hawaii[303 ]. Pruning is not normally necessary, but is tolerated if carried out in the autumn[188 ]. There are some named varieties[167 , 183 ].

Carbon Farming

• Agroforestry Services: Crop shade  Plants providing crop shade especially trees.
• Global Crop  These crops are already grown or traded around the world. The annual value of each is more than $1 billion US Examples include coconuts, almonds, and bananas.
• Management: Standard  Plants grow to their standard height. Harvest fruit, seeds, or other products. Non-Destructive management systems.
• Other Systems: Multistrata  Multistrata agroforests feature multiple layers of trees often with herbaceous perennials, annual crops, and livestock.
• Staple Crop: Oil  (0-15 percent protein, 16+ percent oil). Some of these are consumed whole while others are exclusively pressed for oil. Annuals include canola, poppyseed, maize, cottonseed, sunflower, peanut. Perennials include high-oil fruits, seeds, and nuts, such as olive, coconut, avocado, oil palm, shea, pecan, and macadamia. Some perennial oil crops are consumed whole as fruits and nuts, while others are exclusively pressed for oil (and some are used fresh and for oil).