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Summary

Vachellia tortilis, otherwise known as Umbrella Thorn, is a medium to large tree native to the savanna and Sahel of Africa that grows up to 21 m in height. It has a large, spreading, umbrella-shaped canopy. The leaves are pinnate, with each leaf composed of about 15 pairs of leaflets. Flowers are small, white, fragrant, and occur in tight clusters. Seeds are in flat pods. V. tortilis is tolerant to drought, high alkalinity, high temperatures, sandy and stony soils, strongly sloped rooting surfaces, and sand blasting. It has a wide range of uses including food source and medicine. The immature seeds are eaten and the stems produce an edible gum. A porridge is made from the pods when seeds have been removed. Powdered bark is used as an anthelmintic and on skin conditions. The stems are used against asthma and seeds are for diarrhea. The pods are used as beads in necklaces. The bark yields tannin and strong fiber. The fruits are used as molluscicide and algicide. The timber is not durable but used for planking, boxes, poles, plywood, furniture, house construction, and farm implements. Also known as Acacia tortilis

Physical Characteristics

Vachellia_tortilis is an evergreen Tree growing to 15 m (49ft) by 15 m (49ft) at a fast rate.
See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 10. The flowers are pollinated by Bees.
It can fix Nitrogen.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline and saline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.

UK Hardiness Map US Hardiness Map

Synonyms

Acacia heteracantha Burch. Acacia raddiana Savi. Acacia spirocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich. Acacia tortili

Plant Habitats

Edible Uses

A porridge is made from the pods after extracting the seed[303 ]. The immature seeds are eaten[46 ]. An edible gum is obtained from the stems[775 ]. Of moderate quality[775 ].

References More on Edible Uses

Medicinal Uses

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The dried, powdered bark is used as a disinfectant in healing wounds[303 ]. In Senegal the powdered bark is used as an anthelmintic and is dusted on to skin ailments[269 , 303 ]. The stem is used to treat asthma[303 ]. Seeds are taken to treat diarrhoea[303 ].

References More on Medicinal Uses

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Other Uses

Agroforestry Uses: Due to its drought hardiness and fast growth, this is a promising species for afforesting shifting sand dunes, refractory sites, hill slopes, ravines and lateritic soils[303 ]. It is the tree most recommended for reclaiming dunes in India and Africa[269 ]. It has been grown successfully with Azadirachta indica in shelterbelts[303 ]. Other Uses The pods have been used as beads in necklaces[269 ]. The source of a resin called Gomme Rouge[46 ]. The bark is reported to be a rich source of tannin[269 , 303 ]. A strong fibre is obtained from the bark[46 ]. A powerful molluscicide and algicide, the fruits are placed in fish ponds to kill the snail species that carry schistosomiasis, without affecting the fish303]. The thorny branches are suitable material for erecting barriers[303 ]. The sapwood and heartwood are white and lustrous, with the heartwood aging to reddish-brown. Growth rings are distinct and separated by brown lines. The wood is moderately soft, not very strong, and is readily attacked by decay-causing fungi and insects. It should be promptly converted after felling and subjected to rapid drying conditions. The timber is not durable in the open but moderately so under cover. It is used for planking, boxes, poles, moisture-proof plywood, gun and rifle parts, furniture, house construction and farm implements[303 ]. It is believed that Noah of the Old Testament made his ark from the wood of this tree[303 ]. The root of this tree is traditionally used to make quivers for arrows[775 ]. A piece of wood about 40 - 60cm long is placed in the spent ashes of a warm fire and left overnight. The next morning, a short section of the bark of the root is removed at one end; a circular groove is carved into the exposed core wood; a piece of wire is wound around the groove at one end whist the other end is attached to a tree; the bark (having already been loosened from the wood by the drying action of the warm ashes) is then simply pulled whole off the root[775 ]. The core of wood remaining is then often used as a pestle[775 ]. The plant starts producing fuel wood at the age of 8 -18 years, at the rate of 50 kg/tree. Its fast growth and good coppicing behaviour, coupled with the high calorific value for its wood (4400 kcal/kg), make it suitable for firewood and charcoal[303 ]. Carbon farming - Industrial Crop: biomass, tannin. Agroforestry Services: nitrogen, windbreak, crop shade. Fodder: pod, bank. Other Systems: parkland.

Special Uses

References More on Other Uses

Cultivation details

Umbrella thorn is a plant for semi-arid tropical and subtropical areas, succeeding at elevations from sea level to 2,000 metres[303 , 325 ]. It grows best in areas where the mean annual temperature is in the range 23.4 - 31.3c, with a mean annual rainfall of 100 - 1,000mm[303 ]. It tolerates a maximum temperature of 50c and a minimum temperature close to 0c[303 ], though trees less than 2 years old are very susceptible to frost damage[269 ]. The tree favours alkaline soils and grows in sand dunes, sandy loam, rocky soils and other soils that drain well[303 ]. It also does well on light brown, sandy soil with little or no calcium carbonate, and pH ranges of between 7.95-8.30[303 ]. Tolerates pH in the range 6.5 - 8.5[269 ]. A drought resistant plant, it can tolerate strong salinity and seasonal waterlogging[303 ]. The long taproot and numerous lateral roots enable it to utilize the limited soil moisture available in the arid areas[303 ]. Plants can grow fairly well in shallow soil, less than 0.25 m deep, though they develop long lateral roots that can become a nuisance in nearby fields, paths, and roadways[269 ]. A fast-growing tree, it develops a long lateral root system and creates problems in marshy fields, paths and roadways. It grows fairly well even on shallow soils less than 25cm deep. However, the plant assumes shrubby growth and must be widely spaced for the lateral root growth[303 ]. It responds vigorously to felling by producing numerous coppice shoots, provided there is no interference from browsing animals[303 ]. Lopping of entire branches does not seem to affect the vitality of the tree[303 ]. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[200 ]. Carbon Farming- Cultivation: regional crop. Management: standard, coppice.

References Carbon Farming Information and Carbon Sequestration Information

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Plant Propagation

Seed - requires pre-treatment. The simplest method is to pour boiling water over the seeds and soak the seeds in this cooling water for 24 hours[303 ]. Commercially, scarification with 50% concentrated sulphuric acid for 40-50 minutes followed by washing in cold running water and then drying in the shade overnight is often used[303 ]. Seeds of various dimensions have varying scarification requirements[303 ]. This method gives the maximum germination rate, about 95%. It is further reported that older seeds give healthier seedlings compared with fresh seeds[303 ]. The pre-treated seeds are sown in cylindrical metallic containers 10.2 cm in diameter and 30.5 cm long, filled with equal proportions of finely powdered farmyard manure, tank silt and soil that is sieved through a fine wire mesh. Two seeds are sown in each container. The sowing depth should not be more than to 4 cm; otherwise, seedling emergence will be adversely affected. Germination starts on the 4th day and is mostly completed over 10 days, although it may continue for 60 - 70 days. Germination rates can be low, around 45%[396 ]. Seedlings should be watered twice a day. Shade, when provided during the summer months, reduces the water requirement of the plants by 9.6% as compared with those grown in the open. Seedlings raised in metallic containers and planted in cemented beds, which are immersed in water, require 29% less water than those kept in earthen beds. In the long run, metallic containers are cheaper than the other types of containers and last longer (about 12 years). Seedlings are planted out when 0.5 - 1 m high and require initial weeding to facilitate growth[303 ]. Plants less than 2 years old are damaged by frost and are tender to hot, desiccating winds[303 ]. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; viability can be maintained for several years in hermetic storage at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc[303 ].

Other Names

If available other names are mentioned here

!duns, /gali, afadar, afaggag, basterkameeldoring, chebitet, curly-pod acacia, d'addaca, dadach, dadacha, dadech, dadwota, dahar, dahar qubdo, djelck, djilouki, djoa, djuaa, djúaa, eluwo, entepesi, esoi, etiir, etir, ewoi, gahar khabdo, gorete, guanaki, gudis, haak-en-steek, haak-en-steekdoring, haakdoring, hairan, haras, igunga, ikunyi, isanqawe, itepes, kamutaka, kasamere, kilaa, krulpeul, kura, likonda, ltepes, magunga, meuisi, mgunga, migunga, mkungugu, mojwa, mokhu, moku, mokwa, morwane, moshaoka, moshu, mosu, mosunyana, mosunyane, moswana, moswani, mrimba, msasana, msawero, mtshatshatsha, mua, muaa, mudjwa, mugaa, muhango, muhua, muhwa, mukoka, mulaa, mumanganjamba, munga, mushu, muswu, muzwa, mwalaganza, ngoka, nsasane, nsasani, nsu, n|arab, n|rab, okano, ol-gorete, oldepesi, olerai, oltepesi, oltepessi, omungondo, omunjarava, omushu, omutshu, orusu, orusu orupunguya, orusu-orupunguya, quadi, qurah, ringelh?lsenakazie, rooi-wag-'n-bietjie, saganeib, sagaram, sagararam, sambreeldoring, samr, sant, sanzavi, sayal, seech-geebe, ses, sesai, sesami, sesoy, sesya, sesyai, shittah, sies-geebe, siesiet, singa, tafelboom, tahl, tili, ulaa, ullaf, umbrella thorn, umbrella-thorn, umlaladwayi, umsasana, umsasane, umshishene, umtshatshatsha, unshishene, untwetwe, withaak, zo??a, zoaa, |agri, |ari, |duns, |gali, |narab, |naras, |nubi||huus.

Native Range

TEMPERATE ASIA: Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Israel AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco (south), Tunisia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Chad, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa (Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North-West)

Weed Potential

Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so itâ€™s worth checking.

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : This taxon has not yet been assessed

Related Plants

Latin Name	Common Name	Habit	Height	Hardiness	Growth	Soil	Shade	Moisture	Edible	Medicinal	Other
Vachellia tortilis	Umbrella Thorn	Tree	15.0	10-12	F	LM	N	DM	2	2	4

Growth: S = slow M = medium F = fast. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). pH: A = acid N = neutral B = basic (alkaline). Shade: F = full shade S = semi-shade N = no shade. Moisture: D = dry M = Moist We = wet Wa = water.

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Author

(Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi

Botanical References

Links / References

For a list of references used on this page please go here
A special thanks to Ken Fern for some of the information used on this page.

Vachellia_tortilis - (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi